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Encoding & Values

Protocols operate on bytes, while people usually work with text and decimal values. These tools make that boundary explicit: the byte count is shown, malformed encodings are rejected, and amounts never pass through a JavaScript number.

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Details worth remembering​

  • Hex represents one byte with two characters. It is a display encoding, not text by itself.
  • Atto V1 uses BLAKE2b with different output sizes depending on the field. A block hash is 32 bytes; an address checksum is 5 bytes.
  • One ATTO is 1,000,000,000 raw. Commons accepts at most nine fractional ATTO digits.
  • Protocol timestamps are signed 64-bit Unix epoch milliseconds. Keep them as strings or bigint in JavaScript.